The Presidential Election Of 2000 Essays - Bush Family,

The Presidential Election Of 2000 The Presidential election of 2000 was one of the most controversial and divisive political events in recent history, perfectly illustrating the schism between the two political parties and the almost uncannily equality of these groups. However, this election also showed the nation that although many issues keep these two parties in two distinct camps, an equal number of issues drew very similar responses from the Republican candidate, George W. Bush, and the Democratic candidate, Al Gore. Truly, the past few years have seen a gravitation on the parts of both parties towards a middle ground that has frustrated extreme conservatives and liberals; two minor candidates, Ralph Nader and Pat Buchannan, illustrated this conformity by their bids in this election on, respectively, more liberal and more conservative platforms. Nader's claims of two identical major party candidates were exagerrated: the two men did have greatly varying viewpoints on such issues as health care, abortion, tax ref orm, education, and the environment. However, other issues, such as campaign finance reform, gun control, the war on drugs, and foreign policy, have drawn remarkably similar stances from the two men. The issue of taxes became central to the 2000 election when Republican candidate George W. Bush promised to use a third of the current surplus to enact a substantial tax cut. This $1.6 trillion dollar sum would allow a tax cut in each income bracket, an increase in child tax credits and credits for married couples, and a repeal of the estate tax. Gore wanted to reduce this $1.6 trillion dollar sum to $480 million and limit the tax cuts to those he feels need them most, the tax payers in the lower brackets. He also wanted to create credits for college tuition, preschool, care for an elderly parent, the purchase of a fuel-efficient car, and retirement-savings accounts, all credits designed to give tax breaks to those who need them (Frank 72). The differences in the two candidates' views on abortion will chiefly influence the appointment of new supreme court justices. Several justices are looking towards retirement within the next four years. Bush would appoint justices such as Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia, while Gore would appoint justices such as Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. These justices would also have an effect on vouchers for religious schools and affirmative action. Bush would support banning partial abortions, but, while Gore claims he does not support these abortions, he would oppose banning them. Another crucial difference concerning abortion concerns the abortion pill known as RU-486. This pill is taken orally after conception and kills the fetus as in a doctor assisted abortion. Bush opposes legalizing this pill, while Gore supports it (Frank 72). Bush and Gore differ concerning health care in their methods of ensuring that all families are medically insured. Bush wants to give a $2,000 tax credit to uninsured families in order to encourage the purchase of insurance. Gore would like to rely on the Children's Health Insurance Program to allow low- and middle-income children's parents to buy subsidized insurance. Both candidates would like to give patients the right to sue HMOs, but Bush would like this right to be much more restricted than Gore would. Gore wants to preserve Medicare by pushing $435 billion dollars into the lockbox, while Bush would turn Medicare into more of an insurance based operation than social security based, allowing the money to be used for insurance and prescription drugs (Frank 72). Another major bone of contention between the two candidates involves environmental concerns. Bush and Gore disagree on where the needs of the nation outweigh the needs of the earth. A focal point of these environmental concerns has been the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. Bush would like to drill in this reserve in order to increase the United States' petroleum reserves and reduce the prices of gasoline. However, Gore would like to keep this reserve pure as it contains several endangered species and is a unique preserved natural environment. Bush is also an opponent of the Clean Air and Water Acts, pet projects of Gore, because he feels they limit the sovereign powers of individual states (Globe A28). These issues illustrate that there are certainly differences between the

Free Essays on Venetian Mask

Historically, masquerading was a shared practice among Venetians, regardless of whether they were wealthy, destitute, bold or even shy. Masked prostitutes would engage in the most reckless games of eroticism, and be certain that their anonymity would dissolve all accepted restraints. Aristocrats, who would usually go to great lengths not to disclose even a clue of their sexual preferences, were able to wear masks and star in acts that back then were not only sinful but also against the law. Even gamblers wore masks to remain anonymous, lest great personal wins and/or losses of money or possessions would not be known by the community. As you might imagine, for some, the wearing of masks was almost necessary! The Venice environment, because of its crowded city conditions, didn't really allow for much seclusion or solitude; individual anonymity or privacy was difficult to come by. Thus, the "mask" became an outlet for many to depart from the mainstream life they were leading. The average citizen found that by wearing a mask they could act like a stranger, revealing their real persona, which they normally kept to themselves to avoid being judged by others. Sadly, there were some greedy characters who would use to their benefit the frequent masquing events throughout the year to engage in various illegal and immoral acts. In 1268, the city's governing bodies, in an attempt to control masquerading, voted for the first of many city statutes that would ultimately ban brutal and aggressive acts, the waste of valuable fabrics, forbidden visits to convents and unlawful ownership of weapons. These types of ordinances would continue being passed right up until the fall of the Venetian Serenissima Republic in 1797. The use of masks was utlimately banned completely at certain times throughout the year. These bans were strictly enforced during religious services and celebrations such as "The Circumcision of Christ" and "The Purification ... Free Essays on Venetian Mask Free Essays on Venetian Mask Historically, masquerading was a shared practice among Venetians, regardless of whether they were wealthy, destitute, bold or even shy. Masked prostitutes would engage in the most reckless games of eroticism, and be certain that their anonymity would dissolve all accepted restraints. Aristocrats, who would usually go to great lengths not to disclose even a clue of their sexual preferences, were able to wear masks and star in acts that back then were not only sinful but also against the law. Even gamblers wore masks to remain anonymous, lest great personal wins and/or losses of money or possessions would not be known by the community. As you might imagine, for some, the wearing of masks was almost necessary! The Venice environment, because of its crowded city conditions, didn't really allow for much seclusion or solitude; individual anonymity or privacy was difficult to come by. Thus, the "mask" became an outlet for many to depart from the mainstream life they were leading. The average citizen found that by wearing a mask they could act like a stranger, revealing their real persona, which they normally kept to themselves to avoid being judged by others. Sadly, there were some greedy characters who would use to their benefit the frequent masquing events throughout the year to engage in various illegal and immoral acts. In 1268, the city's governing bodies, in an attempt to control masquerading, voted for the first of many city statutes that would ultimately ban brutal and aggressive acts, the waste of valuable fabrics, forbidden visits to convents and unlawful ownership of weapons. These types of ordinances would continue being passed right up until the fall of the Venetian Serenissima Republic in 1797. The use of masks was utlimately banned completely at certain times throughout the year. These bans were strictly enforced during religious services and celebrations such as "The Circumcision of Christ" and "The Purification ...

Cardiovascular system in our body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cardiovascular system in our body - Essay Example Therefore, the system formed by the heart and vessels in our body is called the cardiovascular system. The system is also referred to as the circulatory system. For several years, people have been enthralled by the cardiovascular system. This is probably because; during those times people mostly believed that life was associated with the beating of the heart. The people of the earlier periods only used to have a hazy and common notion, about the cardiovascular system. However, as time progressed and people witnessed advancement in technology, the real purpose of this significant system and its components was attained. Currently, we are knowledgeable to understand that the cardiovascular system is integral, in carrying oxygen and nourishment the human body cells. The heart and blood, as well as blood vessels, are the chief apparatus of this vital system. Although the cardiovascular system was covered immensely, and written about, it was hardly understood. The circulatory system parts were discovered, identified and recorded earlier, before they were even understood how they functioned. For instance, the early Greek physicians associated the arteries with air delivering throughout the body, and to them nothing else contributed to this function. Incredibly, this notion was believed until twelve centuries later, when the veins and arteries were associated with their main function of transporting the significant body fluid referred to as blood. Furthermore, even as late as the 4th century BC, a period during which a physician of the hippocratean order, discovered the heart valves, the true comprehending of their chief function would evade the physicians for another thirteen hundred years, before it was established (Cobb, P. 1). The clear variation between the arteries and veins was discovered by Herophilus, who was a Greek physician, between 335-280 BC. He made most of his discoveries, by conducting scientific dissection of a human corpse, or through a systematic vivisection of living humans. After his death, dissection was rendered illegal, and it took over eighteen hundred more years before the studies were later resumed. Erasistratus, who was Herophilus’ apprentice, discovered that, when a cut was made on the arteries of a living patient, blood would spill. Claudius Galanus in (AD 129 200/217), which was five hundred years following the death of Herophilus, made a clear and distinct variation between the venous and the arterial system. He discovered that the venous system was responsible for transporting blood rich in nutrition, whereas the arterial system was concerned with transporting of the body heat. Further studies by William Harvey, who had previously described the veins’ valves wit hout indicating their function, led him to declare that the human circulatory system was his discovery, in 1628. The capillary system, which links the veins and arteries, was identified by Marcello Malpighi, an Italian doctor, thirty years after Harvey’s claim. Although, by this period, the circulatory system had eventually been mapped, proper comprehension of the functions of the process, were not accomplished, until the 20th century. Even later years such as earlier 1900s, physicians were still dynamically explaining leeches and bloodletting. However, even in the modern era, studies are still ongoing to understand the cardiovascular system (Cobb, P. 1). The heart is a crucial organ that enhances the well being of people; thus entailing that it should be maintained in

Decision Making in Paramedic - Reasoning Pathway of Each of the Crew M Assignment

Decision Making in Paramedic - Reasoning Pathway of Each of the Crew Members - Assignment Example Joshua in making his decision concerning the diagnosis of Samuel settles on the diagnosis to be a severe asthma attack with possible musculoskeletal involvement. Intuitively, this decision could be influenced by his learning and work exposure. As a volunteer firefighter, Joshua might have probably been influenced by the cases he had witnessed in other paramedical emergencies that befitted the same diagnosis. Tanya in her decision of settling on the diagnosis of Samuel to be an asthma attack could be influenced by the pattern reasoning based on policy guidelines that she has been part of its development. This could equally be influenced by the fact that Tanya had not been exposed to a significant number of situations where asthma exists with other comorbid conditions (Frederick 2005, pp.25–42). Hypothetico-deductive reasoning can be used in the situation of Samuel as a means of elimination of other potential diagnoses. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning model employs the scientific model in the elimination of the unfavourable or undesirable decisions. The model involves the setting of hypothesis then testing the feasibility of the hypothesis to arrive at a decision (Sprenger 2011, pp.497). Application of hypothetico-deductive reasoning would first entail the use of experience in making the diagnosis. The decision maker would consider the problem and attempts to make sense out of the situation. The person then gathers data and look for the previous explanation that may be related to the problem. The second step is the formation of hypothesis; prediction of the feasibility of the hypothesis is then determined to ascertain its accuracy. The process then resolves with testing of the hypothesis. Testing of the hypothesis is done by looking for evidence and through observation that will help in eliminating other potential diagnosis and helps the decision maker to arrive at the best possible diagnosis. Application of Hypothetico-deductive reasoning in the case of Samuel would help the paramedics to eliminate the potential diagnosis of angina and asthma as they would be distinctively be eliminated through hypothesis testing process (Guerrero et al. 2005, pp.1343).  Ã‚  

British English Dialectology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British English Dialectology - Essay Example Indeed, the precise condition of these variables has been a basis for debate for students. If the graduates were considered as forms of Caribbean Standard English, varying English tongues, or enunciations of British English linguistics could have been imposed among its variables. While one cannot take note of the fact that there are variations to be made between the numerous Caribbean varieties, the general imprint as stated by David Cystal, is one of a compilation of expressions close affiliated with framework and language (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p. 5). This is a perspective shared by Loreto Toddsince he clearly claims that there are inadequate collective-core facets to allow people to regard us to consider them as a logically standardized philological group. Several universal syntactic outlines have been seen in all the variables, even if variations in enunciation or presaging reduce the similarities less understandable. According to leading English dialects and scholars , there is adequacy in regularity between the creolized English of one part of the Caribbean and another for there to be a prospective Caribbean English for writers to make use of with influence, whatever listeners they are focusing on having a huge impact on. The following paper will look into the various variables that have come to define a characteristic of a particular diversity of English. The essay will be followed by an immediate survey of the literature done on British English linguistics, whether in enunciation, grammar or bilingual dictionary. A. Variables that define a characteristic of British English dialectology I. Geographical variation Demographical variation is additionally complex by the fact that every zonal will adjust in register in accordance with the environment of the language (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p. 12). It is currently generally believed that the linguistic condition in the Carribean could be best defined in terms of a variety with wide Creole , or the basilect at a single end and average English, or the Creole at the other. In between are to be discovered the language outlines or mesolects. The Barbadian writer George laming, composing a majority of these literary works concerning English writers’ who support the thesis that the language these works were composed in English, a West Indian language. Whilst African and Indian author composing in English define personalities whose beliefs would not on the whole be in English, West Indian authors do not have to confront a similar issue (Gorlach & Schneider, 1997, p. 140). Nevertheless, renowned literature composers claimed that that it is English that is not regulated, imported, learned English, but that of the submerged surrealist experience and sensibility that has consistently been present. It is currently increasingly coming to the surface and affecting the idea of short-term Caribbean people. Even so, if the word Caribbean implies to a broad range and diverse fie ld, the people have a joint experience and resembling worries when it comes to the issues of uniqueness and linguistics (Pietsch, Kortmann & Wagner, 2005, p.20). II. Social variables Such a range of variables can be affiliated with a detailed place or field instead, more astonishingly it also might be affiliated with a definite communal group. It could be male or female, youthful or aged are aspects that define the social variable of the

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Wages are determined by both the supply and demand of particular type of labour. The factors which influence wages are supply, price, skill, experience, ability, reputation. The wages theories have important policy implications and applicable for some of the definite occupations or line of work, none of these is adequate as a general theory having universal applicability. The economic theories of wages fail to provide a complete explanation of the problem of wage determination. Studies conducted by behavioral scientists to some extent fill the gaps in the earlier theories, which have highlighted the importance of psychological and sociological factors on wages. The key issues developed by economic and behavioral theorists are briefly reviewed in this chapter. THEORIES OF COMPENSATION Compensation theories mainly divided into two parts: Economic theory Behavioral theory Economic theory consist the following and described as under: SUBSISTENCE THEORY (Given by DAVID RICARDO in 1772-1823) David Ricardo, in his famous book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation propounded the subsistence theory of wages: Ricardo states that the price of labour depends upon subsistence of labour. The theory was based on the assumption that if the workers were paid more than subsistence wage, their numbers of labour would increase as they would reproduce more; and this would bring low the rate of compensation. If the rate of compensation decreased below the subsistence level, the number of workers would reduced as many would die because of lack of food or hunger, increased inability due to scarcity of nutrition, abnormal health conditions, cold, etc. and many of them could not marry because they fell that they could not able to accept the responsibility . This will result in decreased labour supply, which will lastly be same like as the demand for it. Ricardo viewed that the market price of labour could not vary from the subsistence level for a long time. For this reason, the subs istence wage theory was also known as the Iron Law of Wages. THE SURPLUS VALUE THEORY (Given by KARL MARX in 1818-1883) This theory owes its development to Karl Marx. According to this theory, the labour was an article of trade, which could be purchased on payment of subsistence price. Marx in many ways is closer to Ricardo in his approach to the question of value for labour power. He accepted Ricardos view that the market price of labour power could not for long depart from the value of the subsistence which is required for the maintenance of that labour power. He, however, viewed that it was not the tendency of population, which brought wages to the subsistence level, but it was the tendency in the capitalist system to chronic unemployment and the existence of industrial reserve army, which drove wages to the subsistence level. Labour supply always cared for the excess of the demand for it of capitalist wage system. The capitalist was in a position to force the worker to spend more time of his job than what was necessary to earn his subsistence wage. Product price was set or fixed by the total time needed for generating the output by the labour. The price of any product was determined by the labour time needed for producing it. According to Marx, the labour did not receive complete remuneration for the time he spent on their work place or job. Marx, however, held the view that the introduction of trade union bargaining and similar interferences could stop the tendency of wages falling to their minimum level and even reverse it. THE WAGES FUND THEORY (Given by ADAM SMITH in 1723-1790) This theory was propounded by Adam Smith. His basic assumption was that wages are paid out of money which lay surplus with wealthy persons as a result of savings. It was the size of the fund, which determined the demand for labour and the wages paid to them. According to wages fund theory, wages are determined by: (a) the wage fund or part of working capital which has been increased for getting the labour work; and (b) the number of workers seeking employment. The wage fund was assumed to be fixed and it does not change. Any change in wage rate, because of increase or decrease in the size of labour getting job opportunity. The wages fund theory based on the productivity of labour and profitability of any organization it shows that increased in the savings increased in the wages, it may change after the fixed tenure. Increase in remuneration could help to increase the efficiency of labour, it would presumably augment the employers demand for that labour. Hence, a rise in wage level not only influences the supply conditions of labour but also causes a shift in the demand for labour. This is quite opposite to the assumption made by the theory that the demand for labour is fixed. THE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY (Given by J.B.CLARCK) This theory was propounded by Phillips Henry Wicksteed (England) and John Bates Clark (USA). According to this theory, compensation are based upon an entrepreneurs calculation of the rate that will probably be acquire by the marginal worker. The marginal productivity theory pretended that there was a certain quantity of worker received the job and the remuneration value at which this worker could secure employment in a competitive labour market was equal to the addition to total production that resulted from employing the marginal unit of that labour force. It was also pretended that production is carried out under the conditions of diminishing returns to labour. The principle of diminishing marginal productivity postulates that the contribution of each additional unit of labour would be less than that of the unit previously hired. Therefore, inspite of the fact that the productivity of the individual labourer may be higher than that of the marginal labourer, he will not be paid more than what the marginal labourer will get. In the short run wage rate can be both higher and lower than the marginal revenue productivity of labourers, but in the long run it gets equalised with the marginal revenue productivity of labourers. If the prevailing wage rate is lower than marginal productivity, it will be profitable for the employers and the resulting competition among employers to employ more workers will tend to raise the wages. On the contrary, if the prevailing wage rate is higher than the marginal productivity, the employment of marginal workers will yield him losses and he would stop employing them. This will result in competition among workers for jobs, which would lower the wages. Thus in the long run the equilibrium wage rate will become equal to the marginal revenue productivity of labour. The marginal productivity theory is considered superior to the earlier theories on wages. THE BARGAINING THEORY (Given by JOHN DAVIDESON) John Davidson propounded this theory. He argued that the wages and time period of work were ultimately defineds by the relative bargaining power between the employers and the employees. According to this theory, there is a top limit and a lower limit of compensation and the actual wage rates in between these limits are set or calculated by the bargaining power of the employers and the employees. The upper limit could be the highest wages that the employers would be willing to pay beyond which they will incur losses resulting from high labour costs. The lower limit could be either the minimum wages prescribed under the statute or the strength of the workers at the necessary remuneration below which they will not be ready for work. DEMAND AND SUPPLY THEORY (Given by MARSHALL) This theory is given by Marshall. He assumed the whole set of factors which govern demand for and supply of labour affected the determination of wages. It is therefore necessary to understand the various factors, which influence the demand for and supply of labour. The employers demand for labour is dependent on a number of factors such as the demand for his/her product, availability of other factors of production (the most important being the supply of capital), the level of technological progress, etc. The demand price of labour is determined by the marginal productivity of individual worker. Supply of manpower can be stated in a number of senses. First, it refers to the number of workers getting job and the workers with no alternative for survival, join the labour market for getting the job for wages. Secondly, it may be the number of hours or given time period for which each worker is ready for doing job. Finally, the supply of labour varies with the intensity of work. The supply of labour tends to increase if the workers work harder than before. Thus, Wage rates are influenced by a number of factors governing the demand for and supply of labour. The marginal productivity of labour, determines its demand price. It is the standard of living of workers that plays an important role in the determination of supply price of labour. The actual wage rate is determined at that level where the demand for and supply of labour are equal. In real world, however, labour markets are generally non-competitive. The wage levels expected to result from the free interaction of demand and supply are often modified by the resistance from workers to accept wages below the subsistence level; trade union action, government intervention in wage fixation, and immobility of workers. PURCHASING POWER THEORY (Given by PIGOUN) In the book General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money explained the concept of purchasing power. According to him, wage is not only the cost of production to the employer but also an income for the labour. The same workers and their families consume a major part of the products of the industry. Hence, if the earning of the labour is high they will have more consuming power, which would help to higher the aggregate demand for goods and also a high level of output. On the other hand, if the wage rates were low, their purchasing power would be less, which would bring about a decrease in the aggregate demand. This will have an adverse effect on the levels of employment and output. According to Keynes, unemployment and depression will further add to the problem. Therefore, a cut in wage national income falls; it would have an adverse effect on employment rate. According to the Keynesian Theory, fill employment is a function of national income; the higher the level of national income the greater the volume of employment and both income and employment are determined by effective demand. Hence, if the national income falls, it would have an adverse effect on employment. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE THEORY Economists specializing in international trade argued about countries, industries and companies competing on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour Employers are known to move to areas where labour is cheap, be it within a country or across countries. Subject to internal and external constraints, labour also tends to show a tendency to move to areas, which pay higher value for their skills and effort. In recent years, however, there is pressure on countries and companies competing on the basis of cheap labour to ensure compliance with minimum core labour standards concerning minimum age, freedom of association, right to collective bargaining forced labour and non-discrimination. LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES 1. According to Subsistence theory, the assumption that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic at the subsistence wage level is incorrect. The theory does not consider wage differentials, which are bound to exist across regions. 2. The subsistence theory ignores the importance of the role of the demand for labour and the role of trade unions in wage determination. 3. Economic theories either assume that wages and prices are either fully fixed or fully flexible. The reality lies somewhere in between. 4. Most wage theories are based on the assumption of full employment. In most developing countries this is not really the case. 5. Labour is not as mobile as capital and products are. Therefore wage rates could be influenced by the changes in the demand for and supply of factors other than labour too. 6. Wages and benefits reflect industry characteristics and personal characteristics (including skill differentials) as well as societal preferences and prejudices. 8. Interference by government and trade unions could minimize the influence of the market forces of demand and supply of labour. 9. Technology and productivity are major determinants. Low wages may not mean low wage costs. Similarly high wage rates may not mean high unit labour costs. 10. With the growing pressure for linking labour standards with international trade, increasingly it will become difficult (for countries, industries and companies) to compete on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour. BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES AND RELEVANT ISSUES Behavior means naturally reaction or movement to the environment and yourself. Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do your work will through the possibility of gain or reward. Remuneration of every worker has a behavioral objective and seeks to fulfill the survival need (physiological or psychological) to fulfill the goals. Luthans argues that `motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal. Compensation policy are targeted at rewarding manpower for their skill, talent, performance, effort, responsibility and working conditions and increase their morale for efficient performance. Behavioral theories are divided into three categories:- Content theories Process theories, and Contemporary theories CONTENT THEORIES The content theories explain what inspires manpower at their jobs. Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer gives their significant contribution to content theories. These are as follows:- 1.HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Abraham Maslow proposed the first theory called the hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed five needs of any people in needs hierarchy physiological or basic need (food, shelter, clothing), safety need (emotional and physical safety health insurance, pension), social need (affection and belongingness to society), Self-esteem need (power, achievement, status, etc.), and self- actualization (personal growth, realization of potential). Maslow believed that within every individual, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and each level of need must be satisfied before an individual pursues the next higher level of need. As an individual progresses trough the various levels of needs, the proceeding needs loose their motivational value. 2.TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION: Herzberg extended work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. Factors of this motivational theory divided into two categories: Intrinsic cand Extrinsic. Interinsic factors are the motivators (satisfiers) for the workforce and, Exterinsic factorsar the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers). Intrinsic remuneration are motivators or satisfiers work for satisfy workers related to job content. It includes success, identification, responsibility, work enrichment, and works enlargement. Extrinsic remuneration are hygiene factors and helps to reduce the dissatisfaction on the job. It includes company rules regulation and administration, supervision, co-ordination, salary structure, interpersonal relations, working environment 3.ERG THEORY: Clayton Alderfer identified 3 groups of core needs; they are- Existence, Relatedness and Growth. (a) The existence needs are concerned with survival. (b) The connected needs and the importance of interpersonal and social relationship. (c) The growth needs are concerned with individuals intrinsic desire for personal development. Based on a persons background and social environment, one set of needs may precede over others. The job of Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer are related to content theories. They give useful theories but have limited implications for policy and practice. PROCESS THEORIES Process theories were examined by performance of Vroom (on valence and expectancy) and Porter and Lawer (performance-satisfaction linkage). They look at the related procedingss that go into motivation or effort, particularly the way they relate to one another. EXPECTANCY THEORY: Victor Vroom developed expectancy theory under process theory based on the abstract of valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Valence states to an individuals orientation for a individual result. For instance, most old employees perceives value benefits against fewer, if any, younger employee in todays knowledge industry, single (unmarried) workers with fewer family responsibility have less or no need for benefits like childrens education, health benefits, leave travel allowance etc. than older, married employees with one or more children. Instrumentality refers that a people would be inspired to give better performance in anticipation of promotion. Expectancy states that the degree of chances accor to a particular activity or process or effort will lead to particular first-level results on the other hand, Instrumentality states to the degree of chances that relates first-level results and desired second-level results. In simple words, Motivation is a -function of valence and expectancy. According to Vrooms concept it can be interpreted that: manpower gives to the organization what it needs from people, higher performance and in exchange they expect promotion. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES The contemporary theories describe the modern concept of how people motivates at work. These include Equity and Attribution theories. These are explained as follows:- 1. EQUITY THEORY J. Stacy Adams, developed by equity theory, and give their views that primary input on job performance and satisfaction on the basis of equity that people fells in their working conditions. Inequity comes in existence when a manpower feels that the ratio of his or her results to inputs and the ratio of a relevant others results to inputs are imbalanced. Equity can be stated in two elements. One is internal and other is external. Internal equity states that the imbalance in the remuneration between the several skills or talent and responsibility level among the various manpower. Internal equity is determined through job evaluation. External equity states that when remuneration levels for same skills levels in one organization compare with other workers in any different organization in same industry and geographical region. External equity is determined usually through compensation surveys or interview and compensation satisfaction surveys. Companies, which pay remuneration at lower rate than the market rates, would be in problem to attract, retain and inspire manpower to perform with full efficiency. Our manpower doesnt perceive happiness when they get lower remuneration than what they deserve. When an employee gets remuneration at higher rates than what he/she considers is fair. Now the question is that to check out what they are receiving, what they deserve and what is fair for our manpower to maintain balance or equity in compensation system. 2.ATTRIBUTION THEORY: This theory is contributed by Fritz Heider, Lewin and Festinger. They assume that people are rational and logical in their behavior and that both inter and outer forces get composed additively to conclude behaviour. People will behave differently if they realize that their results are controlled or supervised more internally than externally. This theory has great efficiency for understanding organizational behaviour and contributes deep insights on goal setting, leadership behaviour and diagnosing causal factors of employee performance. QUESTIONS:- 1. Explain the importance of the theory of wages. 2. What are the different types of theory of wages? Explain in detail. 3. Are wages determined only on the basis of the demand and supply of labour? 4. Explain the significance of behavioural theories in Wages determination? 5. What are the limitations that arise while wages determination in economic theories?

Robert James, My Friend :: Personal Narrative Writing

Robert James, My Friend Robert James was missing his two front teeth. Robert James smelled really bad. Robert James came to school with chicken pox. Robert James did not have any friends. Robert James taught me things I could not believe. Robert James was my friend. I first met Robert when I was in eighth grade. We sat next to each other on the first day of Mrs. Miller's algebra class. He smelled really bad that day, by the looks of it he had not showered in a few weeks. Initially I was quite appalled by this odor, and this gave me a bad first impression of him. Robert was always nice to me though. Robert was not a very popular kid. He would have been placed in the "skanks" group, the group of kids who did not shower and came from lower income families. He moved to Goshen the summer before his eighth grade year, and he did not know anyone. He was made fun of on a daily basis, not only by the "preps," but by the "skanks" as well. It did not seem as if Robert had much going for him in his life. I was a very timid child in middle school. I had friends and people to associate with, but I was not very out going or overly talkative. I had a hard time talking to people I didn't know, and people like Robert intimidated me. This is why when I was assigned to be his math partner I was quite scared. In the first week of school Mrs. Miller assigned everyone in the class a math partner, someone who we would spend the semester working on in-class assignments. When I found out that I would be working with Robert all semester I did not know what to think. I was not particularly skilled in algebra, and I assumed that Robert would not be smart either. This was the first thing way that Robert proved me wrong. I think that Robert knew that I was scared of him. The first time we had to work together, he was overwhelmingly nice to me. He asked me all kinds of questions about myself, and helped me to relax. I nearly forgot who I was talking with, and opened up to him. Robert James, My Friend :: Personal Narrative Writing Robert James, My Friend Robert James was missing his two front teeth. Robert James smelled really bad. Robert James came to school with chicken pox. Robert James did not have any friends. Robert James taught me things I could not believe. Robert James was my friend. I first met Robert when I was in eighth grade. We sat next to each other on the first day of Mrs. Miller's algebra class. He smelled really bad that day, by the looks of it he had not showered in a few weeks. Initially I was quite appalled by this odor, and this gave me a bad first impression of him. Robert was always nice to me though. Robert was not a very popular kid. He would have been placed in the "skanks" group, the group of kids who did not shower and came from lower income families. He moved to Goshen the summer before his eighth grade year, and he did not know anyone. He was made fun of on a daily basis, not only by the "preps," but by the "skanks" as well. It did not seem as if Robert had much going for him in his life. I was a very timid child in middle school. I had friends and people to associate with, but I was not very out going or overly talkative. I had a hard time talking to people I didn't know, and people like Robert intimidated me. This is why when I was assigned to be his math partner I was quite scared. In the first week of school Mrs. Miller assigned everyone in the class a math partner, someone who we would spend the semester working on in-class assignments. When I found out that I would be working with Robert all semester I did not know what to think. I was not particularly skilled in algebra, and I assumed that Robert would not be smart either. This was the first thing way that Robert proved me wrong. I think that Robert knew that I was scared of him. The first time we had to work together, he was overwhelmingly nice to me. He asked me all kinds of questions about myself, and helped me to relax. I nearly forgot who I was talking with, and opened up to him.

Arsenic and Old Lace Essay

The play opens in the living room of the Brewster home, where Abby and Martha Brewster, and their nephew, Teddy live. Teddy, who is rather crazy, believes himself to be Theodore Roosevelt. Mortimer enters and announces to his aunts that he intends to marry Elaine, the minister’s daughter, whom he is taking to a play that evening. Things begin to unravel as Mortimer lifts the lid to the window seat. He discovers the dead body of Mr. Hoskins and assumes that Teddy has killed him. However, Abby and Martha tell Mortimer that it was they who poisoned the man with their homemade elderberry wine – and that he is the eleventh (or twelfth) gentleman they have poisoned. Meanwhile Teddy is down in the cellar digging what he believes is the Panama Canal but is in reality a grave. Mortimer and Teddy’s brother Jonathan arrives. Jonathan is accompanied by Dr. Einstein, a plastic surgeon. Dr. Einstein has operated on Jonathan so that he looks like Boris Karloff, the horror film star. Teddy invites Einstein to join him in the cellar, where he believes he is digging the Panama Canal. Einstein quickly returns and confides to Jonathan that there is a hole large enough to bury Mr. Spenalzo (a man Jonathan recently killed) after everyone goes to bed. Once the lights are out and everyone is supposedly asleep, Teddy goes to the window seat to get Mr. Hoskins. At the same time Jonathan and Einstein go to their car to get Mr. Spenalzo. Both plan on burying the bodies in the cellar. Lights blink on and off, bodies are moved from the window seat to the cellar to the car outside, accusations and threats fly back and forth. Due to the commotion at the house, Officer O’Hara stops by to make sure all is well. When he is sure that everything is alright, he shifts topics and asks Mortimer of a play he is writing. Just then, the lieutenant bursts in and recognizes Jonathan as an escapee from a prison for the criminally insane. Jonathan tells the officers about the bodies in the cellar, but they don’t believe him and take him off to prison. Einstein gets away, and Teddy is certified insane and taken to the Happy Dale Sanitarium. Mortimer happily agrees when his aunts insist on going to Happy Dale with their nephew. The aunts then kindly inform Mortimer that he is actually not a member of the Brewster family. He was an illegitimate child and thus can marry Elaine without fear of passing the Brewster insanity on to his children. Mortimer happily departs, but before the women leave their house, they offer a drink to the head of Happy Dale, Mr. Witherspoon. Witherspoon is a lonely older gentleman, and he gladly accepts a glass of the spiked elderberry wine.

Some Paper that I have to upload

Some Paper that I have to upload Some Paper that I have to upload Accounting 372 – Financial Accounting II Course Syllabus for Spring Semester 2014 Instructor: Gregory L. Prescott, CPA, CGMA, CMA, CFM Office Location: Mitchell Learning Resource Center, #122 Office Phone: 251 460-6409 Home Phone: 251 661-8376 E-mail address: gprescot@southalabama.edu Class/Office Hours: Class Schedule ACC 372.101 Tu – Th 11:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. ACC 416.101 Tu – Th 12:30 – 1:45 p.m. ACC 511.501 Tu – Th 7:30 – 8:45 p.m. Office Hours Tu & Th 7:30 – 11:00 a.m. Tu & Th 7:00 – 7:30 p.m. & 8:45 – 9:00 p.m. Wednesday 2:00 – 3:00 p.m. Textbook Intermediate Accounting by Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 15th edition Class Notes for Intermediate Accounting available on the course website on Sakai Intermediate Accounting Problem-Solving Survival Guide (optional but recommended) Intermediate Accounting Study Guide (optional but recommended) WARNING Ask any of your fellow accounting majors who are at a more advanced stage of their coursework or ask anyone else who majored in accounting and they will tell you that the intermediate accounting courses were the easily the most difficult courses. You should expect this course to be challenging. In order for you to do well, you will be required to put forth significant effort. It is important that you read the pertinent text material before the related class discussion. Class time will be devoted primarily to lecture and discussion on the chapter material followed by working pertinent exercises and problems. Attendance Attendance at all class sessions is expected. Research indicates that students who attend most classes have higher performance and earn higher grades than students who do not attend class frequently. As a result of the demands of this course, you are expected to attend each class meeting and to arrive on time. You will be responsible for all material covered and announcements made during class, whether or not you are present. Homework Assignments Exercises and problems are assigned for each chapter. Experience indicates there is a strong relationship between the number of homework problems successfully completed by a student and his or her final grade in an accounting course. You are expected to complete homework assignments in time for the related class discussion. It is your responsibility to be prepared to respond when called on in class. Examinations & Grades Your letter grade for the course will be determined by your performance on three exams given during the semester; your performance on homework assignments; and your performance on quizzes given during the semester. Each exam will be made up of multiple choice questions and accounting problems and will be worth 100 points. Your homework assignments will be worth a total of 50 points. Additionally, there will be a total of up to eight ‘quizzes’ during the semester. These ‘quizzes’ will come from the chapter homework assignments; specifically, they will come from the Homework Handouts and assigned chapter exercises. The ‘quizzes’ will be worth a total of 100 points or more than 20% of the course grade. Therefore, your letter grade for the course will be determined based on how many of the up to 450 possible points you earn: A = 90 – 100% of 450 points or 405 – 450 points B = 80 – 89.9% of 450 points or 360 – 404 points C = 70 – 79.9% of 450 points or 315 – 359 points D = 60 – 69.9% of 450 points or 270 – 314 points F = 270 points Note that make-up exams are strongly discouraged and given only in extreme circumstances; I will be the one to determine whether or not ‘extreme circumstances’ exist in your case (should that become necessary). Your final exam is scheduled for Tuesday, May 6th, from 10:30 a.m. until 12:30 p.m. Withdrawal Date The last day to withdraw from this course is Friday, April 4th, at 4:59 p.m. Disabilities In

Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication Essays - Cultural Studies

Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication Essays - Cultural Studies Lajom, John Froilan C. Oral Communication S11-08 How is intercultural communication exhibited in the film? Cite two scenes to support your answer. As we know intercultural communication is communication between at least two people from different culture. From the time Anna somewhat unfortunately landed to Wales and started to be with the Irish people, intercultural communication was display. One scene that exhibits this kind of communication is when she talked to Declan and the elders about her planned proposal to his boyfriend and how and when Declan and Anna will be able to go to Dublin. The elders are trying to say the day that is not advisable to travel and Anna, being new to the town just pretend to listen which is not good to intercultural communication. Another scene is the first parts of the journey of Declan and Anna to Dublin when they find that the herd of cows has blocked the road, Declan instantly sits down and wait while Anna attempted to get the cows to move. Nonverbally intercultural communication was not exhibited very well because they don't connect a channel to communicate; Declan is carefree while Anna is al ways in a hurry. Also Declan switch to his own language while talking to Anna by saying Bob which means money this is not right for intercultural communication. Describe how Anna communicated with the Irish people. Anna is not really an effective communicator with the Irish people. It seems like she doesn't know how to interact intercultural because she interfere what Irish people are and their cultural dimensions. It's not that she is not polite when approaching them, but she gave them not-so-good impression. She is bland and sound like always in a hurry and unwilling to defer gratification. She always follows her "strict time schedule". That is only at the first parts of the film because as the story goes, she started to go along with the polychromic environment of the Irish people. Maybe she's just not that used to the carefree spirit of Irish people, especially Declan, making a difference in the message she is trying to convey. Identify the effective communication skills (i.e.. eye contact visible mouth, body language, silence, checking for understanding, smiling face, summarizing what has been said, encouragement to continue, some questions) applied by a character in the movie. Justify your answer. Although not one of the main characters the wife of the train station employee shows effective communication skills to Anna and Declan. When talking she speaks while looking at the person's eyes and speaks clearly. She smiles frequently (and appropriately) giving the two visitors a warm feeling and welcome. She also listens whenever any of the two speaking like for example, when Declan was taking a shower. She also shows her authenticity by being real to the two like when she shows the two how to kiss their loved ones. Also, she asked questions to continue the conversation and make it more pleasing. All in all she communicates with them despite difference in culture and perspective.

Report on the company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Report on the company - Essay Example By the very essence of its existence, the Coca-Cola Company definitely has stakeholders. This paper will analyse the stakeholders of the Coca-Cola Company and how they are affected by the company as well as how they affect the organization. The Coca-Cola Company is an American company that has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. The company was established in 1886 by John Pemberton and Asa Griggs Candler (Coca-Cola 2014). The company has a presence in many countries, estimated to be over 200, including the U.S., Britain, Canada, South Africa, Kenya, among numerous other countries. By the fact of its presence in several countries, the company is a multi-national. The business entity is a public limited liability company and has its shares traded in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The company has well over 500 brands to its name, its main brand being the Coca-Cola drink (or simply, Coke) (Coca-Cola 2014). The company makes, sells, and distributes soft drinks including Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Minute Maid Juices, Dasani mineral water, orange juice, and different brands of coffee and tea, to name a few (Coca-Cola 2014). It is estimated that worldwide, people consume at least 1.5 billion servings of one brand or another of the Coca-Cola Company every single day (Edinburgh Evening News 2010). Beyond any doubt the high level of consumption of Coca-Cola brands translates to high turnovers and profits for the company. In 2010, the company earned in excess of 10 billion Euros in the U.K. alone (Edinburgh Evening News 2010). The company is a strong brand, the reason it has several franchises across the world. In fact, most of the sales and profits that the company gets credited for come from the franchises. Some of the main stakeholders of an organization include the owners/shareholders, government, customers, community members, employees, and management (BBC 2014). Like many other

CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN KOREAN AIR (Accident from Korean Air 801) Essay

CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN KOREAN AIR (Accident from Korean Air 801) - Essay Example The plane was licensed by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) to fly in and out international passengers in America through the requisite domestic regulations and the relevant convention that governs international aircraft movements. The investigations by the NTSB found that the likely cause of the crash of the Korean Air Flight 801 could have been the failure by the captain to have a briefing and execution of the approach towards the airport, as well as the inability of the assisting crew to monitor how the captain was conducting the approach (Korovin, 2010). Contributing to these is the fatigue experienced by the captain and the inadequacy of Korean Air in the training of the crew and the deliberate act of the FAA in disabling the instruments and devices that would have warned the crew of the aircraft the safest altitude to make a landing at the airport. Therefore, it can be concluded that the safety issues majored on the performance of the flight crew, the procedures of approach, pilot training, air traffic control including the performance of the controllers and the intentional inhibition of the MSAW at Guam International System. Other factors that could be blamed for the crash include how the airport reacte d to the emergency, the technical and safety inadequacy standards in training by the South Korean body in-charge of the aviation industry and the role played by the FAA in its oversight role as well as the documentation got from the flight data recorder. Korean Air cockpit procedures call for approach briefing before a descent and it includes a briefing about the weather conditions, a proper review of the instrument approach procedure, the actions and callouts of the crew and any abnormal conditions or configurations (Krause, 2003). It also includes the details of the execution of the approach that denotes the minimum safe altitude, the approach frequency and